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NEX QC
Rigaku NEX QC low cost EDXRF elemental analyzer
 

Since 1951, Rigaku has been at the forefront of analytical and industrial instrumentation technology. Rigaku and its subsidiaries form a global group focused on life sciences and general purpose analytical instrumentation. With hundreds of major innovations to its credit, Rigaku and its subsidiary companies are world leaders in the fields of small molecule and protein crystallography, X-ray spectrometry and diffraction, X-ray optics, as well as semiconductor metrology. Rigaku employs over 1,100 people globally.

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X-ray Transmission (XRT) Sulfur Process Gauge

Crude oil, marine bunker fuel, blending and upgrading




Rigaku NEX XT Process XRT for Sulfur
Rigaku NEX XT for On-line Sulfur

 

The versatile, compact and robust Rigaku NEX XT X-ray Transmission/Absorption (XRT/XRA) process gauge is specifically optimized for the sulfur analysis needs of refineries, pipelines, blending operations, bunkering terminals and other storage facilities. Applications for the NEX XT include bunker fuel blending to meet MARPOL Annex VI sulfur restrictions, interface detection of different grade fuels delivered via pipelines, refinery feedstock blending and monitoring, and the quality monitoring of crude at remote collection and storage facilities.

Cost and regulation drive sulfur analysis

Since sulfur (S) is strictly regulated in petroleum fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and marine bunker fuel, the sulfur content of the raw ingredient is a critical piece of information. For example, the sulfur content of crude oil Petroleum is considered "sweet" if it contains less than 0.5% sulfur, while sour crude oil has >0.5% sulfur. Sweet crude oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries.

MARPOL 73/78

International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an agency of the United Nations which was formed in 1948 to promote maritime safety. IMO ship pollution rules are contained in the "International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships", known as MARPOL 73/78. On 27 September 1997, the MARPOL Convention has been amended by the "1997 Protocol", which includes Annex VI titled "Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships". MARPOL Annex VI sets limits on NOx and SOx emissions from ship exhausts, and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances. Thus, marine bunker fuels must now be assayed or blended for emissions regulation compliance.

Petroleum background

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons derived from the geologic transformation and decomposition of plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. As a technical term, petroleum encompasses the liquid (crude oil), gaseous (natural gas), and viscous or solid (bitumen, asphalt) forms of hydrocarbons that occur in the Earth, but the meaning is often restricted to the liquid oil form. Crude oil and natural gas are the most important primary fossil fuels.

Petroleum information and resources

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